Menopause is a natural stage of life, but that doesn’t mean the changes that come with it are always easy. From hot flushes and night sweats to changes in sleep, mood, skin, weight and intimate health, menopause can affect many parts of your everyday life.

Understanding what is happening in your body can make the transition feel much less confusing. In this guide, we’ll explain what menopause is, the difference between perimenopause and menopause, common symptoms, the stages of the menopause transition, treatment options and practical lifestyle changes that may help you feel more comfortable.

What is menopause?

Menopause is the point when you have gone 12 consecutive months without a menstrual period, provided the absence of periods isn’t caused by hormonal contraception or another reason. It usually occurs between the ages of 45 and 55, although it can happen earlier.

Menopause happens as ovarian hormone production changes, particularly the levels of oestrogen and progesterone. These hormonal changes can cause a wide range of physical, emotional and sexual symptoms.

It’s important to remember that menopause doesn’t look the same for everyone. Some people experience only mild symptoms, while others experience symptoms that significantly affect sleep, work, relationships and quality of life.

Perimenopause vs Menopause: What’s the Difference?

Perimenopause

Perimenopause is the transition leading up to menopause. During this stage, hormone levels fluctuate and periods may become irregular.

You may notice:

Changes in your menstrual cycle
Heavier or lighter periods
Hot flushes
Night sweats
Mood changes
Anxiety
Sleep problems
Brain fog
Changes in libido
Vaginal dryness
Joint and muscle aches

Menopause

Menopause is reached when you’ve had 12 months without a period and there isn’t another explanation for the absence of menstruation.

Postmenopause

Postmenopause refers to the years after menopause. Some symptoms may improve, while others can continue.

Common Menopause Symptoms

1. Hot Flushes and Night Sweats

Hot flushes are sudden feelings of heat that can affect the face, neck and chest and may be accompanied by sweating, palpitations, chills or dizziness.

Night sweats can also interrupt sleep and contribute to daytime tiredness.

2. Sleep Problems

Hormonal changes, night sweats and mood changes can make it harder to fall asleep or stay asleep.

Poor sleep can then contribute to:

Fatigue
Irritability
Difficulty concentrating
Low mood
Brain fog

3. Mood Changes and Brain Fog

Some people experience changes in mood, anxiety, low mood, difficulty concentrating or forgetfulness during perimenopause and menopause.

4. Weight and Body Changes

Changes in body composition and weight can occur around menopause.

Rather than focusing only on the number on the scale, it’s useful to focus on overall health, regular movement, strength, nutrition and sleep.

5. Vaginal Dryness and Intimate Changes

Lower oestrogen levels can contribute to vaginal dryness, irritation, discomfort during sex and urinary symptoms.

6. Changes in Hair and Skin

Some women notice:

Drier skin
Itchy skin
Changes in skin texture
Hair thinning
Changes in hair growth

7. Joint and Muscle Aches

Joint and muscle discomfort can also occur during menopause.

The Stages of Menopause

What happens during menopause and understanding the three stages

1. Perimenopause

The transition before menopause, when menstrual cycles and hormone levels begin changing.

2. Menopause

The point reached after 12 consecutive months without a menstrual period.

3. Postmenopause

The stage of life following menopause.

How Is Menopause Diagnosed?

For many healthy women aged 45 or older, menopause can be identified based on symptoms and menstrual changes rather than routine hormone testing.

However, earlier or unusual symptoms may require medical assessment.

If you’re experiencing significant symptoms, speak with a doctor or qualified healthcare professional rather than trying to diagnose yourself.

How Is Menopause Treated?

Treatment isn’t necessarily required for everyone, but there are options when symptoms affect your quality of life.

Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)

HRT can help manage a number of menopause symptoms. Oestrogen may be given as tablets, patches, gels or sprays, while people who still have a uterus generally need a progestogen alongside systemic oestrogen to protect the womb lining.

HRT isn’t right for everyone, so it’s important to discuss your individual medical history, benefits and risks with a healthcare professional.

Non-Hormonal Options

Depending on your symptoms and circumstances, other treatments may also be available.

These can include certain medicines and psychological therapies such as cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT).

Lifestyle Tips for Managing Menopause Symptoms

Eat a balanced diet

Focus on a varied diet containing vegetables, fruit, whole grains, protein and calcium-rich foods.

Stay physically active

Regular exercise can support overall health, strength and bone health. Weight-bearing and resistance exercise are particularly useful for maintaining bone strength.

Prioritise sleep

Try to maintain a consistent sleep routine and keep your bedroom cool if night sweats are a problem.

Look after your mental wellbeing

Stress management, relaxation, social connection and talking to people you trust can be valuable during this transition.

Take care of intimate health

Vaginal moisturisers and lubricants may help with vaginal dryness. A healthcare professional can also discuss other treatment options if symptoms persist.

When Should You See a Doctor?

You should consider speaking to a healthcare professional if menopause symptoms are interfering with your daily life, sleep, work, relationships or wellbeing.

Any vaginal bleeding after menopause should be checked by a healthcare professional, even if it’s only light spotting.

Also seek medical advice if you experience symptoms unusually early or are unsure whether what you’re experiencing is related to menopause.

Frequently Asked Questions About Menopause

What are the first signs of menopause?

Changes to your menstrual cycle are often among the first signs, although symptoms vary. Hot flushes, sleep problems, mood changes and brain fog can also occur.

What age does menopause usually start?

Menopause commonly occurs between ages 45 and 55, although it can happen earlier.

How long does menopause last?

Menopause itself is a point in time rather than a period lasting several years. The wider menopausal transition and symptoms can continue for years and vary significantly between individuals.

Can you still get pregnant during perimenopause?

Yes. Ovulation can still occur during perimenopause, so contraception may still be necessary depending on your circumstances.

Does menopause cause weight gain?

Body composition and weight can change during midlife and menopause. Nutrition, physical activity, sleep and other factors all play a role.

Can menopause affect your sex drive?

Yes. Changes in hormones, vaginal dryness, discomfort, sleep, mood and other factors can affect libido.

Is HRT safe for everyone?

No treatment is suitable for everyone. HRT has benefits and risks that should be discussed with a healthcare professional based on your individual circumstances.